Overview of Yarsanism
Yarsanism, also called Ahl-e Haqq, the people of truth, is a syncretic religion found mainly among Kurds in western Iran and in Iraq, where adherents are often known as Kaka'i. It was founded in the late fourteenth century by Sultan Sahak, who is believed to have been a manifestation of the divine essence. The tradition blends elements of Sufism, ancient Iranian religion and Shia devotion while maintaining its own distinct theology and sacred texts.
A core Yarsan teaching holds that the divine essence has manifested in successive human forms over seven epochs, accompanied each time by angelic beings. Souls undergo many incarnations, gradually purifying themselves through righteous living. The sacred scriptures, known as the Kalam-e Saranjam, are written in Gorani, a Kurdish language, and are often sung. Membership is organized into hereditary spiritual families led by sayyids, each of which acts as a spiritual guide for its followers.
Music has a special place in Yarsanism. The long necked lute called the tanbur is considered sacred, and devotional gatherings known as jam feature chanting, prayer and communal meals. Many Yarsani men traditionally keep long mustaches as a sign of faith. Because the community has faced discrimination, members are often discreet about religious life, but travelers to Kermanshah province will find shrines, music and hospitable villages linked to this little known tradition.
Core beliefs
- The divine essence has manifested in human form across successive eras.
- Sultan Sahak was a central manifestation who founded the community.
- Souls pass through many incarnations toward purity.
- Purity, righteousness, self effacement and generosity are four key principles.
- Inner truth matters more than outward religious law.
- Sacred music and remembrance bring believers closer to the divine.
Practices and worship
- Regular jam gatherings with prayer, sacred music and shared food.
- Playing the tanbur as a devotional act.
- A three day fast in midwinter.
- Pledging allegiance to a spiritual guide from a hereditary family.
- Offering sacrifices and food, called niaz, at shrines.
Pilgrimage in Yarsanism
The most important Yarsan pilgrimage site is the shrine of Sultan Sahak at Perdiwar, set in the Hawraman mountains along the Sirwan river near the Iran Iraq border. Pilgrims cross the river and climb to the shrine to offer prayers and sacrifices. The shrine of Baba Yadegar near Sarpol-e Zahab and sanctuaries in the Dalahu mountains of Kermanshah province are also revered. Visits often involve music, shared meals and overnight stays in nearby villages.
Major festivals
| Festival | When | About |
|---|---|---|
| Khawankari | Midwinter, after a three day fast | A feast following the fast, celebrated with communal meals and devotional music. |
| Fast of Marnow | Midwinter | Three days of fasting commemorating Sultan Sahak and his companions, observed by many Yarsani. |
Etiquette for visitors
- Be discreet; some adherents prefer not to discuss their faith publicly.
- Ask permission before attending or recording a jam gathering.
- Treat the tanbur with respect as a sacred instrument.
- Dress modestly and remove shoes at shrines.
- Follow the lead of local hosts regarding seating and food.
Map of Yarsanism sacred sites
Frequently asked questions
Is Yarsanism a branch of Islam?
Yarsanism has Sufi and Shia influences, but most adherents regard it as a distinct religion. Its beliefs in divine manifestation and reincarnation differ from mainstream Islam.
Why is the tanbur important in Yarsanism?
The tanbur is considered a sacred instrument used to accompany prayers and hymns. Its music is seen as a pathway to spiritual insight.
Where can travelers learn about Yarsan culture?
Kermanshah province in western Iran, especially Guran and the Hawraman region, has many Yarsan communities. Local guides can advise on respectful visits.
